Plant Gardens 101

A machine that chops up soft stems and leaves so that they can be used as mulch or added to the compost pile. See also chipper.

A tool with a long handle and a broad scoop or blade, used for digging and for moving dirt.

A plant that tends to live only a few years, although it often persists by self-seeding. Columbines and violas are examples of short-lived perennials.

A plant that flowers when the days grow short, such as chrysanthemums or Japanese anemones. See also photoperiodism.

An aboveground stem, either the main stem or a side one.

Any tubular or sheathing organ, often leaflike or membranous, that surrounds the base of a stalk or helps to form one. Sheaths are common in the grasses and palms but infrequent among dicots.

To prune with long-bladed shears, cutting back all the stems, sometimes severely, to a uniform level or plane.

A bundle of grasses or cereal plants.

A sand with sharp angular grains, not smooth round ones. It is used for starting seeds or cuttings or for improving the drainage of potting soils. Also called builder’s sand, as distinguished from beach sand, which has no use in horticulture.

A garden featuring the flowers in Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets, which are full of references to flowers and scenes set in gardens.

A tree planted for the shade it casts, as opposed to one selected for its ornamental flowers or its fruits. Some of the most popular shade trees are maples, oaks, and lindens.

A small onion or shallot bulb planted instead of seeds for a quicker crop.

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See dappled shade; full shade; half shade; high shade; light shade.

Stalkless; attached directly to the main stem.

Having sharp, forward-pointing teeth on the margin. Usually refers to leaves.

The botanical name for giant sequoia.

One of the outermost series of flower parts, arranged in a ring outside the petals. It is often small, green, and leaflike but is sometimes large and colorful. Collectively, the sepals make up the calyx.

A term used to describe a plant or plant part that responds to touch. The carnivorous plants that trap insects that land on them are an (extreme) example. The sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, is another.

A term used to describe mostly annuals or perennials that produce numerous side shoots, form bushy rounded plants automatically, and do not require pinching or pruning. These plants lack apical dominance.